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==== Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ==== | ==== Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ==== | ||
- | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Quisque convallis mauris eget nisl bibendum elementum. Morbi et dui magna. Duis pretium turpis sed lectus consequat, in porttitor libero pulvinar. Proin consequat urna eget molestie finibus. Curabitur pretium porta mi, at laoreet libero venenatis sit amet. Cras congue nisl ac lobortis congue. Vestibulum nulla velit, auctor sit amet rutrum eu, congue at nulla. | + | GIS are information systems that manage geographic data, that is, data that represent objects and phenomena for which geographic location is an essential feature, and indispensable for analysis. GIS provide a broader perspective to information systems, since geographic aspects, such as location, geometric shape and relationships to nearby objects, can be taken into consideration. With richer representations, GIS excels in applications designed for various specialized activities, such as urban planning, environmental sustainability, transportation and transit, public health and epidemiology, demography, cartography, utility networks, agriculture, marketing and many others. |
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+ | GIS wide applicability and flexibility provided the basis for much evolution in data management in the last decades. The interest on the computational representation of geography-related objects and phenomena inspired the evolution of a wide range of data management tools and techniques, including computational geometry algorithms, multidimensional data structures, spatial indexing, geographic data modeling, geographic visualization, geostatistics, and much more. | ||
==== Spatial Data Infrastructures ==== | ==== Spatial Data Infrastructures ==== |